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Foreign Policy

sources

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2. “World Health Statistics 2024.” World Health Organization. 21 May 2024

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8. Apoorva Mandavilli. “How Foreign Aid Cuts Are Setting the Stage for Disease Outbreaks.” New York Times. 8 Mar 2025

9. David Ignatius. “There’s a story in Each Shard of the Shattered USAID.” Washington Post. 21 Feb 2025

10. Jeremy Konyndyk. “’We Are Seeing Complete Destruction’: The Damage Done by the U.S.A.I.D. Freeze.” New York Times. 21 Feb 2025

11. Gabriele Steinhauser and Ming Li. “How Much the U.S. Spent on Foreign Aid - And Where It Went.” Wall Street Journal. 10 Feb 2025

12. Steven Lee Myers and Stuart A. Thompson. “Falsehoods Fuel the Right-Wing Crusade Against U.S.A.I.D.” New York Times. 7 Feb 2025

13. Glenn Kessler. “The White House’s Wildly Inaccurate Claims About USAID Spending.” Washington Post. 7 Feb 2025

14. Daniel Wu. “Gutting USAID Threatens Billions of Dollars for U.S. Farms, Businesses.” Washington Post. 6 Feb 2025

15. Amanda Coletta. “Gunfire Closes Haiti’s Main Airport as New Prime Minister is Sworn In.” Washington Post. 11 Nov 2024

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17. “If Trump Wants Haitians to Go Home, His Mission is Clear.” Washington Post. 29 Nov 2024

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29. Nora Gámez Torres. “Leaked Documents Show Cuban Military Sitting on Billions of Dollars Amid Humanitarian Crisis.” Miami Herald. 4 Mar 2025

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31. Maham Javaid, Laris Karklis and Hannah Dormido. “Why the Panama Canal Matters.” Washington Post. 1 Feb 2025

32. Rebecca Falconer. “Rubio Says El Salvador’s President has Offered to Jail American Criminals.” Axios. 4 Feb 2025

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39. Lisa Friedman. “Trump Wants Greenland and the Panama Canal. It’s About Climate.” New York Times. 31 Dec 2024

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41. Sarah Rainsford and Laura Gozzi. “Moldova Says ‘Yes” to pro-EU Constitutional Changes by Tiny Margin.” 21 Oct 2024

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51. Michael R. Gordon. “White House Says Pakistan Is Developing Long-Range Missile Capable of Hitting the U.S.” Wall Street Journal. 23 Dec 2024

52. Peter Hoskins. “IMF Approves $7bn Loan to Cash-Strapped Pakistan.” BBC. 25 Sept 2024

53. “Court Sentences Former Pakistani Leader Imran Khan to 14 Years in Prison.” NPR. 17 Jan 2025

54. “Pakistan is Furious with the Afghan Taliban.” Economist. 6 Feb 2025

55. “Philippines.” Freedom House. 31 Mar 2025

56. Sui-Lee Wee and Camille Elemia. “For Duterte, Signs of a Reckoning Years After He Ordered a Deadly Drug War” New York Times. 10 Mar 2025

57. “More Storms are Brewing in the South China Sea.” Economist. 12 Sept 2024

58.. “Caliphate.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 30 Mar 2018

59. Hugh Kennedy. “Caliphate: The History of An Idea.” Basic Books.  2016 

60. Anchal Vohra. “’Taste of Victory’ for SDF, but ISIL Threat Remains.” Al Jazeera. 23 Mar 2019

61. David Martin. “Nearly 1,000 U.S. Troops Still in Syria Months After Last ISIS-Held Territory Was Liberated.” 22 July 2019

62. Ayla Jean Yackley. “U.S. Envoy Holds Talks in Ankara as Turkey Threatens to Invade Syria.” Al-Monitor.  2 July 2019

63. Ben Hubbard and Hwaida Saad. “Having Won Syria’s War, al-Assad Is Mired in Economic Woes.” New York Times. 26 Feb 2021

64. “Twelve Million Syrians Now in The Grip of Hunger, Worn down By Conflict and Soaring Food Prices.” United Nations World Food Program. 17 Feb 2021

65. Courtney Kube. “The Number of U.S. Troops in Syria Has Doubled, Pentagon Discloses.” NBC News. 19 Dec 2024

66. Timour Azhari and Ahmed Rasheed. “Exclusive: US-Iraq Deal Would See Hundreds of Troops Withdraw in First Year, Sources Say.” Reuters. 6 Sept 2024

67. Jared Kushner. “Opportunity Beckons in The Mideast.” Wall Street Journal. 14 Mar 2021

68. Khuloud Rabah Sulaiman. “Gaza Attacks: Fear, Finality, And Farewells as Bombs Rained Down.” Aljazeera. 22 May 2021

69. Aya Batrawy. “UAE Urges Israel to Stop Jerusalem Violence in Rare Rebuke.” 26 Apr 2021

70. Kareem Fahim and Sarah Dadouch. “As Arab World Rallies Around Palestinians and Bloodshed Mounts, Trump-Era Peace Deals Fade from View.” Washington Post. 14 May 2021

71. Oliver Holmes. “U.S. To Give Palestinians $5 Million in Coronavirus Aid – 1% of What Trump Cut.” The Guardian. 17 Apr 2020

72. Ismaeel Naar and Adam Rasgon. “Saudi Crown Prince Says No to Israel Ties Without Palestinian State.” New York Times. 19 Sept 2024

73. “UAE Vows it Won’t Take Part in Gaza’s ‘Day After’ Without Palestinian State.” The Times of Israel. 15 Sept 2024

74. Maria Abi-Habib and Ismaeel Naar. “A Mideast Shift Is Underway, Without Israel.” New York Times. 25 Oct 2024

75. Ismaeel Naar. “Iran and Trump Are Front of Mind at Saudi Summit.” New York Times. 11 Nov 2024

76. Dr. Abdel Aziz Aluwaisheg. “GCC and Iranian Foreign Ministers Make History in Doha.” Arab News. 4 Oct 2024

77. Melanie Lidman and Sally Abou Aljoud. “Israel’s Ceasefires with Hezbollah and Hamas are Both in Doubt Again.” AP. 17 Feb 2025

78. Jonathan Spyer. “Syria Has a New Government – or Does It? Wall Street Journal. 2 Feb 2025

79. United States. White House. “Remarks by President Biden on Afghanistan.” 16 Aug 2021

80. John F. Sopko. “America, Afghanistan and the Price of Self-Delusion.” New York Times. 2 Jan 2025

81. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Most Wanted: Sirajuddin Haqqani.”

82. United States. “Where Are U.S. Military Members Stationed, and Why?” 3 Feb 2024

83. “Human and Budgetary Costs.” Costs of War Project. Watson Institute, Brown University. August 2023

84. “Economic Costs.” Costs of War Project. Watson Institute, Brown University. September 2021

85. David Zucchino and Zia ur-Rehman. “They Were Waiting for Flights. Then Trump Closed a Door for Afghan Allies.” New York Times. 25 Jan 2025

86. #AfghanEvac. 11 Mar 2025

87. United States.  Department of Defense.  “U.S. Military Casualties - Operation Freedom’s Sentinel (OFS) Casualty Summary by Month and Service.”  27 Aug 2021

88. The World Bank. “Afghanistan.” 26 July 2019

89. “Global Terrorism Index 2020.”  Institute for Economics & Peace.

90. “Arabs Are Losing Faith in Religious Parties and Leaders.” The Economist. 5 Dec 2019

91. “Muslim Publics Share Concerns About Extremist Groups.” Pew Research Center. 10 Sept 2013

92. Lauren Leatherby and Larry Buchanan. “At Least 250,000 Afghans Who Worked with U.S. Haven’t Been Evacuated, Estimates Say.” New York Times. 25 Aug 2021

93. Farnaz Fassihi and Dan Bilefsky. “For Afghan Women, Taliban Stir Fears of Return to a Repressive Past.” New York Times. 17 Aug 2021

94. Farnaz Fassihi. “American University of Afghanistan Students and Relatives Trying to Flee Were Sent Home.” New York Times. 29 Aug 2021

95. Charles Lane. “The U.S. Dare Not Betray the Students at the American University of Afghanistan.” Washington Post.  24 Aug 2021

96. JM Rieger. “The Biden Administration Has Given 9 Justifications for The Slow Evacuation of Afghan Allies.” Washington Post. 18 Aug 2021

97. Linda Qiu. “Biden’s Inaccurate Claims in Defending Afghanistan Withdrawal.” The New York Times. 20 Aug 2021

98. Lara Seligman. “Top Generals Contradict Biden, Say They Urged Him Not to Withdraw from Afghanistan.” Politico. 28 Sept 2021

99. Dan Lamothe. “General Says He Warned that Afghanistan Would Get ‘Very Bad, Very Fast’.” Washington Post. 20 May 2024

100. Dan Lamothe and Joby Warrick. “Afghanistan Has Become a Terrorism Staging Ground Again, Leak Reveals.” Washington Post. 22 Apr 2023

101. Helene Cooper, Eric Schmitt, and David E. Sanger. “Biden, Debating Exit from Afghanistan, Rejected Generals’ Views.” New York Times. 19 Apr 2021

102. Ken Thomas and Vivian Salama. “Biden Wanted to Leave Afghanistan. He Knew the Risks.” Wall Street Journal. 17 Aug 2021

103. Vivian Salama. “Internal State Department Cable Warned of Kabul Collapse.” Wall Street Journal. 19 Aug 2021

104. Mark Mazzetti, Julian E. Barnes and Adam Goldman. “Intelligence Warned of Afghan Military Collapse, Despite Biden’s Assurances.” New York Times. 17 Aug 2021

105. David Zucchino. “Collapse and Conquest: The Taliban Strategy That Seized Afghanistan.” New York Times. 18 Aug 2021

106. Gordon Lubold and Yaroslav Trofimov. “Afghan Government Could Collapse Six Months After U.S. Withdrawal, New Intelligence Assessment Says.” Wall Street Journal. 23 June 2021

107. Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Eric Schmitt. “Security in Afghanistan Is Decaying, U.S. General Says as Forces Leave.” New York Times. 3 July 2021

108. Sami Sadat. “I Commanded Afghan Troops This Year. We Were Betrayed.”  New York Times.  25 Aug 2021

109. Anthony H. Cordesman. “The Reasons for the Collapse of Afghan Forces.”  Center for International Studies.  17 Aug 2021

110. Missy Ryan and Souad Mekhennet. “After Taliban Triumph, Biden Faces Even Greater Test in Preventing Extremist Resurgence in Afghanistan.” Washington Post. 16 Aug 2021

111. Rick Noack. “Taliban Begins Enforcing New Draconian Laws, and Afghan Momen Despair.” Washington Post. 15 Sept 2024

112. Rick Noack. “As Taliban Starts Restricting Men, Too, Some Regret Not Speaking Up Sooner.” Washington Post. 22 Sept 2024

113. Adam Taylor. “The Taliban is Flaunting Captured U.S. Weapons That May Be Worth Billions. Can It Use Them?” Washington Post. 20 Aug 2021

114. Jonathan Swan, Hans Nichols, Glen Johnson. “A Living Hell”: Leaked Email Describes Afghan Refugee Conditions.” Axios. 24 Aug 2021

115. United States. Embassy in Afghanistan. “Security Alert.” 18 Aug 2021

116. Matthieu Aikins and Najim Rahim. “Afghan Family Says Errant U.S. Missile Killed 10, Including 7 Children.” New York Times. 30 Aug 2021

117. Susannah George. “10 Civilians Killed by U.S. Drone Strike in Kabul, Family Says.” Washington Post. 30 Aug 2021

118. Ivana Saric. “Thousands of Prisoners Freed by Taliban Could Pose Threat to U.S.” Axios. 15 Aug 2021

119. Mark Landler. “Biden Rattles U.K. With His Afghanistan Policy.” New York Times. 18 Aug 2021

120. John Hudson and Missy Ryan. “Withdrawal From Afghanistan Forces Allies and Adversaries to Reconsider America’s Global Role.” Washington Post. 17 Aug 2021

121. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. John F. Sopko. “Why ANSF Numbers Matter: Inaccurate and Unreliable Data, and Limited Oversight of On Budget Assistance Put Millions of U.S. Taxpayer Dollars at Risk.” 29 Apr 2015

122. “Syrians Wake Up to a New Government.” New York Times. 30 Mar 2025

123. Carlotta Gall. “America’s Strike on the Houthis Could Whip Up a Regional Tempest.” Economist. 20 Mar 2025

124. Dennis Ross.  “The Missing Peace:  The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace.”  New York:  Farrar, Straus and Giroux.  2004

125. United States.  Congressional Research Service.  “U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel.”  16 Nov 2020

126. United States. Department of State. “2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yemen.” 3 June 2021

127. “Yemen.” Amnesty International. 3 June 2021

128. “Day of Judgement.”  Mwatana for Human Rights, University Network for Human Rights and Pax for Peace.

129. “World Report 2021: Yemen.” Human Right Watch. 7 June 2021

130. United States. Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2023: Mozambique.”

131. United States. Department of State. “Country Reports on Terrorism 2023: Nigeria.”

132. United States. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. “Annual Threat Assessment.” 5 Feb 2024

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